Muslims will often allege that since much of the New Testament, in particular the gospels, were written after the fact and after Jesus had left the world, that it never had His authorisation or approval.
They will also try to undermine Scripture in allegations that the Gospels contain events where Jesus is alone, eg His temptation with Him and Satan had no recorded witnesses, the insinuation being that such episodes and the conversational exchanges are an invention of the gospel authors, where the Biblical principle of multiple attestation breaks down.
How can we counter such arguments?
■ THE WITNESS OF THE HOLY SPIRIT
The principle that underlines everything written in the New Testament is that which Jesus established in His promise of the Comforter who is the Holy Spirit:
“But the counsellor, the Holy Spirit — the Father will send Him in My name — will teach you all things and REMIND YOU OF EVERYTHING I HAVE TOLD YOU.” (John 14:26 HCSB)
So the first response is if it’s in the Gospel (singular) accounts (plural) we can count on it that Jesus had told them what happened, whether or not they or others had personally witnessed it as well.
■ THE WITNESS OF THE DISCIPLES
Secondly, we find Jesus re-emphasising the principle of multiple attestation in this reference to the three persons of the Trinity, and the particular role of the Holy Spirit:
“When the counsellor comes, the One I will send to you from the Father — the Spirit of truth who proceeds from the Father — He will testify about Me. You also will testify, because you have been with Me from the beginning.” (John 15:26-27 HCSB)
So when we read for example in Acts Peter affirming the disciples witnessing the events of the crucifixion he describes, it can be counted upon:
Chapter 3 of Acts damns Islam and the Quran in one stroke.
Peter has just healed the man crippled from birth as if it was Jesus still with the disciples only it’s not Jesus in person it’s by the power of the Holy Spirit the promised Comforter. The people are amazed at seeing the man walk. This is how Luke records the scene:
“When Peter saw this, he addressed the people: “Men of Israel, why are you amazed at this? Or why do you stare at us, as though we had made him walk by our own power or godliness? The God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, the God of our fathers, has glorified His Servant Jesus, whom you handed over and denied in the presence of Pilate, when he had decided to release Him. But you denied the Holy and Righteous One and asked to have a murderer given to you. You killed the source of life, whom God raised from the dead; we are witnesses of this.” (Acts 3:12-15 HCSB)
Did you get those words of Peter? “YOU KILLED THE SOURCE OF LIFE, WHOM GOD RAISED FROM THE DEAD; WE ARE WITNESSES OF THIS.”
Eyewitness testimony that confirms Jesus “the source of life” was crucified and rose from the dead and the disciples were witnesses”.
And Muslims want us to believe it never happened on the say so of a pagan who was assaulted by a demon in a cave 600 years after the events and 1000 kilometres away from the scene without any witnesses or a shred of evidence?
Peter along with the other disciples only fled the initial scene of Jesus arrest. Peter at least did not go far because he was very soon back following Jesus at a distance with another disciple:
“Meanwhile, Simon Peter was following Jesus, as was another disciple. That disciple was an acquaintance of the high priest; so he went with Jesus into the high priest’s courtyard. But Peter remained standing outside by the door. So the other disciple, the one known to the high priest, went out and spoke to the girl who was the doorkeeper and brought Peter in.” (John 18.15-16)
Note the “other disciple” is not named. It might be the Gospel author John which would seem unlikely since he likewise would have feared arrest (unless he has a very close relationship with the High Priest such that he might have been able to count on immunity). It might have been Joseph of Arimathea. The fact is we don’t know and aren’t told but that in itself is significant. It shows us that not EVERY detail of the story is recorded only what we need to have for the narrative. Clearly John the writer of the Gospel knew MORE than he tells us here. That principle needs to applied and kept in mind when reading the entire sequence of events surrounding the Passion of Christ.
We do know Peter and John were the first two disciples to witness the empty tomb but they were not the first to whom the risen Lord appeared. In a way which makes the entire narrative credible is the fact that women were the first witnesses of the resurrected Lord. No one would have written that into the story if it was a fabrication. Scholars regard that fact as highly indicative of its authenticity because by the Criterion of Embarrassment anyone inventing it would NEVER have had women as the first witnesses.
Jesus was crucified in public in front of hundreds of witnesses. We know from his gospel that John was there because Jesus speaks to him and his mother while hanging on the cross. We don’t know whether others were watching at a distance. Given Peter’s behaviour at the high priest’s house it would be surprising if he was not watching the crucifixion from a distance. Likewise others of the 11.
When Peter says to the crowd in Acts 2 that “we are witnesses to the crucifixion and resurrection” he is telling the truth. He had no reason to lie. In fact it’s impossible that he could have been doing what he was doing, in continuing the miraculous healing works of Jesus based upon a lie. Its also impossible he would have been martyred for being a false witness – see final section.
■ JESUS LAID OUT THE STRUCTURE FOR THE NEW TESTAMENT
He might not have been on earth when it was written but Jesus knew how it would be written.
For the New Testament as a whole, Jesus gives us a very clear road map of how that would be written in advance. Two main passages in the Gospel of John lay the ground work for our understanding of the authority and inspiration of the New Testament: John 14:25-26 and John 16:12-15. In these passages Jesus says:
“These things I have spoken to you while being present with you. But the Helper, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in My name, He will teach you all things, and bring to your remembrance all things that I said to you.” (John 14.25-26)
“I still have many things to say to you, but you cannot bear them now. However, when He, the Spirit of truth, has come, He will guide you into all truth; for He will not speak on His own authority, but whatever He hears He will speak; and He will tell you things to come. He will glorify Me, for He will take of what is Mine and declare it to you. All things that the Father has are Mine. Therefore I said that He will take of Mine and declare it to you.” (John 16.12-15).
Often these words of Jesus are taken to apply to Christians in general. I suggest that what Jesus is saying here is that his apostles were going to write what we now know as the New Testament.
It is evident that Jesus knew His message to the world would depend upon the words of His apostles. He expressly prays for them in John 17:20: “I do not pray for these alone, but also for those who will believe in Me through their word.”
Jesus had many things to say to His apostles but they would have to wait until the coming of the Holy Spirit to receive them. Notice the three main things the Holy Spirit would do in His guiding them into all truth.
- First, the Holy Spirit would bring to their remembrance all things Jesus said to them. Since the apostles wrote about the words and actions of Jesus after the fact, it was vital that the Holy Spirit enable the apostles to remember the facts, the details and the verbatum conversations.
- Second, the Holy Spirit, also called the Spirit of Truth, would teach them all things. The apostles and the authors of the New Testament would interpret events truthfully.
- Third, the Holy Spirit would show them things to come. The prophetic messages in the New Testament would be authenticated and witnessed to by the power of the Holy Spirit.
It is no coincidence that these three actions by the Holy Spirit in His directing the apostles correspond to what we have discovered to be the three divisions of New Testament Scripture; historical (“bring to your remembrance”) which covers Matthew through Acts, teaching (“teach you all things”) which covers Romans through Jude, and prophecy (“show you things to come”) which covers Revelation.
Thus, in these passages of John 14:25-26; 16:12-15
we have Jesus pre-authenticating the writing of the New Testament by His apostles. The Three Divisions of the New Testament:
1). The historical survey (Matthew -Acts)
“… bring to your remembrance all things I said unto you”.
2). Teaching and interpretation of the principles laid down by Jesus (Romans – Jude)
“… teach you all things”.
3). The prophetic word (Revelation)
“… show you things to come”.
Each book of the New Testament is either written by an apostle of Jesus or by a contemporary of the events in proximity to an apostle of Jesus. The passages from the Gospel of John above directly authenticate the apostolic authority of the books of Matthew, John, 1 and 2 Peter, 1, 2, and 3 John, and Revelation since the writers of these books were a part of the original twelve to whom Jesus spoke these words.
We see from Acts 9:15; 26:17-18 and Galatians 1:11-19 that Jesus personally commissioned Paul as an apostle. Thus, the writings of Paul bear the authority of Christ. This authenticates the apostolic authority of Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 and 2 Thessalonians, 1 and 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, and possibly Hebrews. Crucially, Paul’s authority is also corroborated by Peter’s testimony of Paul in 2 Peter 3:15-16.
“… and consider that the long suffering of our Lord is salvation; as also our beloved brother Paul, according to the wisdom given to him, has written to you, as also in all his epistles, speaking in them of these things, in which are some things hard to understand, which untaught and unstable people twist to their own destruction, as they do also the rest of the Scriptures.”
Notice that Peter equates the writings of Paul with Scripture. Since Peter was one of the original twelve apostles of Jesus, his endorsement of Paul further establishes Paul as an apostolic authority.
Mark’s authority stems from his proximity to Peter and Paul in Acts 12:12-19,25; 1 Peter 5:13, and 2 Timothy 4:11. Luke’s authority stems from his proximity to Paul in 1 Timothy 5:18 and 2 Timothy 4:11. James’ and Jude’s authority stems from their proximity to Peter, John, and Matthew in Acts 1:14.
The authority of James is further manifested in how James presided over the Council of Jerusalem in Acts 15 and how the apostles Paul and Peter regard him during that council. James’ authority is also corroborated by Paul where we see Paul recognising him as an apostle (Galatians 1:19) and as a pillar of the church (Galatians 2:9). In addition we can see James’ authority in that when representatives came from Jerusalem to Antioch to address a theological issue, they were said to have come from James (Galatians 2:12). It is noteworthy also to see that Peter, as an apostle, reported to James (Acts 12:16-17).
The New Testament book that poses the greatest challenge is Hebrews since its authorship is in question. Many scholars believe that Paul wrote Hebrews, in which case its authority would be established. Others suggest that Barnabas might have written Hebrews. If this is so, we can establish Bamabas’ apostolic authority by Acts 14:14 where Barnabas is referred to as an apostle in his work with Paul. With thus we have every book in the New Testament accounted for regarding its apostolic authority. Each writer can be linked directly to Jesus or to someone who is linked directly to Jesus.
■ TESTIMONY WRITTEN IN THE BLOOD OF MARTYRS
Finally, we can further seal the authenticity of their witness testimony (and incidentally that Jesus is God), by Jesus’ prophetic words in Matthew 23:
“This is why I am sending you prophets, sages, and scribes. Some of them you will kill and crucify, and some of them you will flog in your synagogues and hound from town to town.” (Matthew 23:34)
Who alone sends prophets? God does. Persecution that would follow them to their deaths would prove they were sent and set apart by God. All bar none of the Apostles, including Paul, suffered martyrdom (John uniquely and miraculously was spared the intended martyrs death). They wrote their testimonies in their own blood. Its the ultimate seal upon their truthfulness. No one will die knowingly to defend a lie.
By the apostles’ obedience and sacrifice, Christ has allowed their deaths to become an extremely powerful witness to us of His person. They died because they loved Christ, and Christ let them die for Him because He loves us. Belief in Christ is that important, and those who died knew it. So it is not God who devalues the apostles deaths, but us whenever we ignore the truth of Christ for which they surrendered their lives.
The deaths of Jesus’ closest followers are speaking to us. Their deaths are witness to, and are hard evidence for, Christ’s deity and ministry on earth. They reprise His death and fulfil His command that anyone wishing to follow Him must also be willing to pick up their own cross and die for Him as He died for us. This is evidence of the Bible’s veracity that no atheist, Muslim, historian, scientist, or other sceptic can ignore in clear conscience.